The perceiver’s social role and a risk’s causal structure as determinants of environmental risk evaluation

We present a dual-process risk perception model that integrates cognitive and emotional as well as consequentialist and deontological components by distinguishing between two modes of evaluative processing: (a) a consequentialist evaluation that focuses on potential consequences and (b) a deontological evaluation that focuses on moral values. Each of these two modes is assumed to trigger specific cognitive evaluations, specific emotions, and specific behavioral tendencies concerning a perceived risk. We conducted an experiment (N = 270) that tested whether the relative dominance of the two evaluative modes would depend on the causal structure of the environmental risk being evaluated and on the social role of the evaluator. Three types of causal structure were varied by providing scenario information: (a) anthropogenic risks that endanger only nature, (b) naturally caused risks with potential harmful consequences for humans, and (c) anthropogenic risks that may harm humans. Participants evaluated each scenario from the perspective of one of three social roles: mayor, expecting parent, and environmental activist. For each scenario, participants specified their focus and evaluated the event’s morality and perceived risk, the intensity of specific emotions, and their preferences for prospective behaviors. Results showed that the consequentialist evaluation was generally stronger than the deontological evaluation and was less affected by the experimental manipulations. The deontological evaluation was substantially affected by the risk’s causal structure. It was stronger for anthropogenic than for natural causation; risks caused by humans were associated with greater perceived moral blameworthiness, more intense morality-based emotions (e.g. outrage), and a stronger tendency to perform agent-related behaviors (e.g. aggression) than naturally occurring risks. The effect of the social role was less pronounced than that of the causal structure. Furthermore, the effect of an evaluative focus on behavior was fully mediated by emotions for deontological evaluations and partially mediated for consequentialist evaluations. The implications for environmental risk perception and communication are discussed.     

Ecological tourism in the state image policy structure. Experience and problems of modern Russia

The article deals with the problems of ecological tourism in Russia. The authors give various approaches to the understanding of ecological tourism in modern science, analyse the reasons of interest in this kind of tourism, consider its types and identify specific features. The article provides an overview of the main regions and countries where ecological tourism is developed at a high level and considers some national policy models in the field of ecological tourism. Specific attention is paid to the analysis of the development of ecological tourism in Russia and its current status; the examples of different programmes aiming at support of ecological tourism are given. Specific impetus is given to Russia's resources for the development of ecological tourism, for example, natural landscapes, national parks and nature heritage sites. The authors explore the main challenges to ecological tourism in Russia, identify factors that hinder its development and suggest measures to improve the ecological tourism in the Russian Federation. The authors focus on the projects that promote the improvement of Russia's image as an eco-touristic destination. The authors pay specific attention to the analysis of international cooperation in this field. The article discusses various projects carried out within the framework of bilateral cooperation. The article discusses the role of ecological tourism as a tool for image policy. The article analyses in detail which elements of the Russian image are under the influence of ecological tourism and what are the future prospects of ecological tourism.     

Using skin conductance and facial electromyography to measure emotional responses to tourism advertising

Although an objective and increasingly common technique in marketing, media and psychology, psychophysiological measures are rarely used in tourism research to detect tourism consumers’ spontaneous emotional responses. This study examines the use of psychophysiological measures in tourism and in particular explores the usefulness of skin conductance (SC) and facial electromyography (EMG) methods in tracking emotional responses to destination advertisements. Thirty-three participants were exposed to three destination advertisements while their self-report ratings, real-time SC and facial EMG data as well as post hoc interview data were obtained. The results demonstrate that, compared with self-report measures, psychophysiological measures are able to better distinguish between different destination advertisements, and between different dimensions of emotion. Participants’ affective experience reported in post hoc interviews was found to be consistent with emotional peaks identified from continuous facial EMG and SC monitoring. These results validate the ability of psychophysiological techniques to capture moment-to-moment emotional responses and it is concluded that psychophysiological methods are useful in measuring emotional responses to tourism advertising. Methodological insights regarding the constraints associated with the use and application of psychophysiological methods are discussed.     

基于One-Class SVM的青鳉鱼异常行为识别方法

为了更准确地解析青鳉鱼在突发污染环境中的行为变化趋势,提出了一种基于One-Class SVM模型的青鳉鱼异常行为识别方法。以青鳉鱼的生理及行为特征作为观测指标,将采集到的暴露在不同类型和浓度特征污染物下的青鳉鱼行为强度信号作为经验数据,利用直方图统计和主成分分析（PCA）对行为强度数据进行降维,实现行为特征提取,基于One-Class SVM构建模型,并以五水合硫酸铜和三氯酚作为特征污染物进行暴露实验对算法进行验证。结果表明,One-Class SVM模型可以准确地识别正常行为和污染物暴露时发生的异常行为;对于有机污染物最快可在10 min内完成预警,重金属污染物可在1 h内完成预警,并且污染物浓度越高,模型的识别效果越好。识别方法可对水源突发性水质污染进行更有效的监测和预警,也可为水污染应急决策提供技术支撑。     

产业集聚、资源错配与环境治理的协同效应分析

解决经济增长与环境污染之间的矛盾是新时期我国经济发展过程中的重要任务,产业分散以及资源错配被认为是助长环境污染的重要诱因。论文基于2010—2018年省级面板数据,实证检验了产业集聚、资源错配与环境污染之间的关系,研究结果表明:整体来看产业集聚会减少污染物的排放,但在产业发展初期,集聚在一定程度上会增加污染物的排放;资源错配与污染物排放显著负相关,经过一系列稳健性检验,这一结论仍然成立;产业集聚有利于减少资源错配,提高资源分配效率,从而减少环境污染,产业集聚与资源配置在环境治理过程中会产生正向协同效应。     

智能化如何提高地区能源效率?——基于中国省级面板数据的实证检验

“十四五”规划指出,要深入实施智能制造和绿色制造工程,推动制造业高端化、智能化、绿色化,使能源资源配置更加合理、利用效率大幅提高。目前,中国制造业存在能耗高、污染严重等问题,在智能化发展迅猛的时代背景下,深入探究其对能源效率的影响机制,实现智能能源、智慧能源的目标,有着重要意义。本文采用2004-2016年中国省级平衡面板数据,使用静态和动态面板模型分析智能化对能源效率的影响,并研究技术创新、环境规制和外商直接投资的调节作用。得到的结论如下:(1)智能化促进能源效率,即增加绿色全要素能源效率、降低能源消耗;(2)随着技术创新水平提高,智能化对能源效率的提升作用加强;(3)环境规制加速智能化对能源效率的正向作用;(4)随着外商直接投资增加,智能化更加促进能源效率;(5)不同地区智能化对能源效率的作用不同,西部地区智能化的作用最弱,但调节作用最大。政府和企业要通过提高技术创新、完善环境规制和合理使用外商直接投资等方式来应用智能化技术,提高能源效率。     

城市公园游客参与、解说满意度与 环境教育评估关系研究——以福州市 晋安公园为例

教育功能作为城市公园功能组成的重要部分,随着 人们日益增长的文化需求,城市公园环境教育的地位日益凸 显。为探究城市公园环境教育评估、游客参与以及解说满意度 之间的关系及作用机制,构建了三者之间的路径模型,以福州 市晋安公园为例,在对294位游客问卷调查的基础上,进行结 构方程验证。结果表明：1)修正后的模型中,建立关系指标 与游客参与相关性最强,有形性对解说满意度的影响最大,认 知层面最能反映环境教育评估;2)游客参与对解说满意度具 有显著正向影响,解说满意度对环境教育评估存在显著正向影 响,游客参与对环境教育评估有显著正向影响;未来公园在进 行环境教育功能提升时,应当将游客参与度以及解说系统满意 度纳入考量。     

环境信息披露与企业经营绩效——基于投资者关注的中介效应检验

经济高质量发展背景下,企业环境信息披露已经引起全社会的普遍重视。本文基于沪深A股上市公司2007—2019年样本企业面板数据,以投资者关注为中介变量,揭示环境信息披露对企业经营绩效的作用机制。结果显示,环境信息披露对企业经营绩效具有显著的正向激励作用,投资者关注发挥部分中介效用。进一步的研究表明,将机构投资者持股比例作为门槛变量时,存在显著的单一门槛效应,当企业引入机构投资者持股比例高于一定门槛值时,环境信息披露能显著提升企业经营绩效,否则激励效果不显著;同时异质性分析发现,重污染行业及2015年后环境信息披露对企业经营绩效激励效果更为显著。本文研究结论有助于企业更理性地认识环境信息披露的经济效益,为政府、企业和投资者共同构建高质量环境信息披露体系提供思路。     

基于LCA的城市绿地管养对环境影响的量化方法探讨

城市绿地是重要的绿色基础设施。城市绿地要实现设计目标,保持长久的景观效果离不开持续不断地养护管理,同时管养工作又会带来物资消耗和废弃物排放,对环境造成负面影响。基于生命周期评价方法(LCA),以资源能源消耗和气候变暖潜值作为对环境影响的主要因子,将城市绿地划分为乔木、灌木、地被和草坪层,建立了管养对环境影响的量化模型。以郑州市郑东新区绿地为研究对象,选取34个植物群落(20m×20m)为样本进行了验证,计算得到各植物层管养资源能源消耗和气候变暖潜值特征量以及管养工作标准化加权环境影响指数。结果表明,乔木的管养环境影响指数最低,比群落均值低32%;施肥和垃圾清运是环境影响的主要因素,占群落管养环境影响指数均值的75%以上;与农林业相比,城市绿地管养环境影响指数处中低水平,但资源能源消耗因子的影响指数偏高。基于LCA方法的研究结果可以为城市绿地设计和精细化管理提供量化参考。     

社会认同理论视角下的企业创新绩效前因组态研究

创新是企业竞争优势的重要来源,也是企业可持续发展的关键动力。探究企业创新的影响因素及其作用机制对于企业创新发展具有理论价值和现实意义。基于社会认同理论,本研究建立包含团队断裂带、团队异质性、环境不确定性以及企业声誉等要素在内的企业创新影响机制模型。通过对66家电子信息企业样本进行模糊集定性比较分析,本研究探究企业内部结构与外部环境的各个要素对于企业创新的协同效应与联动关系。研究发现: 高企业创新绩效的驱动路径有三条,路径1强调在高环境不确定性、高企业声誉情境下,低高管团队学术背景异质性及低断裂带距离有利于实现高企业创新绩效;路径2强调在高环境不确定性、高企业声誉情境下,高团队学历异质性与低断裂带强度有利于实现高企业创新绩效;路径3强调在高环境不确定性、低企业声誉情境下,高团队断裂带强度与低团队断裂带距离有利于实现高企业创新绩效。研究结果拓展了社会身份理论在企业创新领域的应用,也为企业创新绩效的提升提供了新的思路。